Spot the error-Part II

B2.-Spot the error and correct the sentence.

1. These two boys help one another.

Ans-These two boys help each other.

Each other for two persons and one another for three or more persons.

2. These three boys help each other.

Ans-These three boys help one another.

Each other for two persons and one another for three or more persons.

3. I and he liked it.

Ans-He and I liked it.

The personal pronouns should be arranged as second, third and first person in the sentence.

4. This is more safer place.

Ans-This is a safer place.

Double superlative or double comparative should not be used.

 5. This pair of shoes are mine.

Ans-This pair of shoes is mine.

'A pair of' is considered as singurlar and it takes singular verb.

6. My brother has not much book.

Ans- My brother has not many books.

'Much' denotes quantity; 'Many' denotes number.

7. The man gave a speech.

Ans-The man made a speech.

For a lecture, use deliver/give, but for speech, use make.

8. I play piano. 

Ans-I play the piano.

Definite article 'the' is always used before any musical instrument.

9. This is  a smallest TV set.

Ans- This is the smallest TV set.

Definite article 'the' is used before the superlative form of an adjective.

10. The children in the class was reading a book.

Ans-The children in the class were reading a book.

The subject 'children' is in plural form.

11. Himalayas are the highest mountains.

Ans-The Himalayas are the highest mountains.

Definite article 'the' is used before the names of rivers/mountains/books.

12. He has married with Rekha.

Ans-He has married Rekha.

When used as transitive verb, no proposition is used.

13. I am senior than you.

Ans-I am senior to you.

Use 'to' in place of 'than' before the words 'inferior', 'superior', 'senior', 'junior' etc.

14. The boy entered into the class.

Ans-The boy entered the class.

Verb 'enter' is not followed by the proposition 'into'.

15. You must be knowing Mr. Sen.

Ans-You must know Mr. Sen.

The verb 'know' does not take 'ing' form.

16. He plays good.

Ans-He plays well.

Because 'good' is adjective whereas 'well' is adverb. 'Well' qualifies the verb 'play'.

17. The roads of the town are narrow.

Ans-The streets of the town are narrow.

'A street is a way in a town or village with buildings on the sides. A road generally denotes a way leading from one town or village to another.

18. He is my cousin brother.

Ans-He is my cousin.

No need to use 'brother' or 'sister', once you use 'cousin' because it includes both.

19. Vijay lived in hotel last night.

Ans-Vijay stayed in hotel last night.

For temporary halt, use 'stay' not 'live'.

20. According to my opinion, it is wrong.

Ans-In my opinion, it is wrong.

When we express our own views, we should use a phrase 'In my opinion' instead 'According to my opinion'.

COMPILED BY-DR. SALUNKHE T. B.

4.3 (B) AN ENEMY OF THE PEOPLE

 

4.3 (B) An Enemy of the People-

             Henrik Johan Ibsen

Characters in the drama:

Summary of the drama:

'An Enemy of the People' is a realistic play by Ibsen that describes and exposes the hypocrisy and cowardice of the Progressives and Democrats. Moral conflict is the significant element of this play. This play throws light on the ways in which an individual can be ostracized by the society he is trying to help. Dr. Stockmann is the protagonist of the play whereas his elder brother Peter Stockmann is the antagonist of the play. 

The central character Dr. Stockmann , a medical officer finds that the bath water is contaminated after a clinical tests. Therefore he wants to publish an article and expose the corruption. But Peter Stockmann, elder brother and mayor of the town and chairman of bath committee warns Dr. Stockmann not to publish an article, otherwise he will have to face terrible consequences for him and his family. Hovstad, editor of People's Messanger' and Aslaksen, a printer were initially with Dr. Stockmann but after the manipulation of Peter, they decide not to print this article. So Dr. Stockmann decides to hold town meeting which turns disastrous, in which town people shout, 'He is an enemy of the people'. His home is pelted with stones, windows are smashed, his daughter Petra is removed from her job as a teacher, his landlords wants to evict him. But he stands firm in the face of difficulties and ignores Peter's advice to leave the town for a few months. He ends by proclaiming 'The strongest man in the world is he who stands alone'. 

Setting of the play:

It's evening time. The play opens in the office of the liberal newspaper 'People's Messanger'. Dr. Stockmann along with his wife Katherine Stockmann discusses an issue of article Dr. Stockmann wants Hovstad and Billing to print about the bacteria in the water of baths. 

1. Dr. Thomsan Stockman

Dr. Stockmann is an affectionate husband to Katherine and a father to Petra, Morten and Ejlif. He is the protagonist and expoeses dangerous water contamination of baths in the town. Dr. Stockmann is an honest man in the life of the town who discovers the healing water is polluted causing illness to the users. 

2. Katherine Stockmann

Mrs Stockmann is Dr. Stockmann's wife and his loyal supporter. She is also a caring mother. In the beginning, she doesn't want her husband to go against the wishes of his brother, Peter Stockmann. But in the course of time, she givens her full support and approval to her husband, Dr. Stockmann.

3. Petra Stockmann

Petra is Dr. Stockmann's adult daughter, a school teacher who is fired for supporting her father Dr. Stockmann. She is freethinker and advocates the notion of the truth. Petra demonstrates high level of independence. At the end Petra assures her father to help her father in the new school he plans to open.

4. Peter Stockmann

Peter Stockmann is a mayor of the town and an elder brother of Dr. Stockmann. He is highly practical man and does not want of uncover the reality and truth to public because of money. Dr. Stockmann and Peter do not have good relationship. The mayor acts in his own self-interest all the times and couldn't understand his brother Dr. Stockmann.

5. Hovstad

Hovstad is the professional editor who doesn't want to be personally affected. His main concern is to increase the popularity and circulation of this newspaper and for this purpose he is ready to ignore the principle. Initially, he seems to be supportive to Dr. Stockmann but when it is known that public will not support any idea, he turns against Dr. Stockmann.

6. Aslaksen

Aslaksen is a printer and a man known for his moderation. He appreciates Dr. Stockmann's research at first but then quickly sides with the mayor. As a leader of two organization, Aslaksen considers himself as voice of common man.

7. Billing

Billig works for Hovstad and is a news reporter. He thinks himself to be radical but likes to improve his own situation. He wishes to take a political post to earn more money. 

8. Morten Kill

Mrs. Stockmann's father, Morten Kiil is a poorly educated and crude man who made a lot of money running a tannery. He doesn't understand Dr. Stockmann, but he enjoys seeing the town in an uproar.

Activities based on the play:

1. Mayor Peter Stockmann is a contrast to Dr. Thomas Stockmann. Justify. 

Ans-Two major characters in this drama are Peter Stockmann and Dr. Stockmann . Dr. Thomas Stockmann is the protagonist of the drama. He is a medical officer of the town Baths. He is an honest, idealistic and supporter of the truth. He discovers that the  baths in the town are contaminated and expects to repair or close it. He wants to publish an article on it to aware the people.

Mayor Peter Stockmann is the elder brother of Dr. Stockmann. He is also the chairman of the Bath Committee. He is an antagonist. He is motivated by money and power. He is not interested in truth. He is ruthless and not interested in the health of public. 

2. Write the character sketch of Dr. Stockmann.

Ans-Dr. Thomas Stockmann is the main character and the protagonist of the drama. He is caring father, husband, family man and a medical officer. He is known as a friend of the people. As a medical officer, he discovers that the Baths in the town are contaminated and wants to instruct the town to repair or close them. He is a brave person. His views and beliefs remain unchanged. He wants his article to be published in the newspaper so that the people should know the real picture of the baths. 

3. Read the given extract (Act III)

Complete the following table:

  

Ans. 

4. Match the Column A and Column B

  Ans.

5. Describe the climax scene in your own words. Write your comments on it. 

Ans-

This extract of play shows that an honest man is always ready to fight for the truth. When Dr. Stockmann ensures that Hovstad is not interested in an article and does not want to print his manuscript, he declares that he will hire drum and parade the town with it and read his manuscript at every corner. He announces that his report will be made public in spite of all threats. Even his wife, Mrs Stockmann, who was initially against Dr. Stockmann, takes his side and assures him that their children will do the same. So it proves that there is such thing as 'family loyaty'. It also shows that the strongest man in the world is he who stands alone'.

6. Write down the consequences of the following occurrences with the help of the extract.

1. Dr. Thomas Stockmann wants an article exposing social evils to be printed in the newspaper.

Ans-This enrages Peter Stockmann, the brother of Dr. Stockmann, chairman of Baths Committee and sees this an attack on his authority and reputation as the Mayor of the town. As a result he decides to provoke the public against Dr. Stockmann.

2. Mayor Peter Stockmann persuades Mr. Hovstad and Mr. Billing from printing the article.

Both Hovstad and Billling believe Mayor's words that Dr. Stockmann's report is none but the result of his imagination and there is no truth in this report at all. This makes them to turn against Dr. Stockmann and decide to print the statement given by Peter Stockmann.

3. Alaksen declares that he would not print Dr. Stockmann's article.

Ans-Alaksen's denial to print Dr. Stockmann's article is the result of Peter Stockmann's manipulation. So Dr. Stockmann wishes to hold public meeting to declare this truth. He declares that he will hire drum and parade the town with it and read his manuscript at every corner. He announces that his report will be made public in spite of all threats. Even his wife, Mrs Stockmann, who was initially against Dr. Stockmann, takes his side and assures him that their children will do the same. 

4. Katherine encourages  Dr. Stockmann to proceed in his attempts in the cause of public attempts.

Ans-This increases Dr. Stockmann's confidence who so far has been betrayed by everyone. With the assurance and support of his wife, Dr. Stockmann is ready to challenge the men to stop him from being patriot and doing the right thing. 

 COMPILED BY-DR. SALUNKHE T.B.

Mrs. Adis-Sheila Kaye Smith

1.Read the following extract and complete the activities given below it.

        ln north-east Sussex a great tongue of land runs into Kent. It is a land of woods - the old hammer-woods of the Sussex iron industry and among the woods gleam the hammerponds. Owing to the thickness of the woods, the road that passes Mrs. Adis's cottage is dark long before the fields beyond. That night there was no twilight and no moon, only a few pricks of fire in the black sky above the trees. But what the darkness hid the silence revealed. In the absolute stillness of the night, windless and clear, every sound was distinct, intensified. The distant bark of a dog at Delmonden sounded close at hand, and the man who walked on the road could hear the echo of his own footsteps following him like a knell. 

          Every now and then he made an effort to go more quietly, but the roadside was a mass of thorns, and their crackling and rustling were nearly as loud as the thud of his feet on the road. Besides, they made him go slowly, and he had no time for that. When he came to Mrs. Adis’s cottage he paused a moment. Only a small patch of grass lay between it and the road, and he looked in at the lighted, uncurtained window. He could see Mrs. Adis stooping over the fire, taking some pot or kettle off it. He hesitated and seemed to wonder. He was a big, heavy, working man, not successful, judging by the poverty of his appearance. For a moment he made as if he would open the window, then he changed his mind and went to the door instead. 

He did not knock, but walked straight in. 

The woman at the fire turned quickly round. 

‘What, you, Peter Crouch !’ she said.

‘I didn't hear you knock.’ ‘I didn’t knock ma’am. I didn’t want anybody to hear.’

‘How’s that?’

‘I’ m in trouble.’ His hands were shaking a little. 'What have you done?’

 I shot a man, Mrs. Adis.

‘You?’

‘Yes - I shot him.

 ‘You killed him?’ ‘I don’t know.’

A1. Global Understanding

State whether the following statements are true or false.

a. Mrs. Adis came to the cottage of Peter Crouch

b. Peter Crouch heard the echo of his own footsteps.

c. Peter Crouch opened the window to enter the cottage. 

d. The atmosphere was dark with silence.

A2.Complex factual

The writer describes Peter Crouch as...........

1...............2...........3............4............

A3. Interpretation-Explain:

Peter Crouch was in trouble.

................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

A4. Personal Response

If you meet any stranger who has villainous look, you feel.........

1............................................................................................

2............................................................................................

3............................................................................................

4............................................................................................

A5. Language Study

1. When he came to Mrs. Adis's cottage, he paused a moment.

(Make compound sentence)

2. He was big, heavy, working man, not successful, judging by the poverty of his appearance.

(Choose and write the adjectives used in this sentences) 

A6. Vocabulary

Match the words given in 'A' with their meanings in 'B'

      'A'                                                      'B'

1. Revealed                                 a. Bend over

2. Pricks of fire                           b. Very near

3. Close at hand                          c. Showed

4. Stooping over                         d. Stars

2.Read the following extract and complete the activities given below it.

For a moment there was silence in the small, stuffy kitchen. Then the kettle boiled over and Mrs Adis mechanically put it at the side of the fire

She was a small, thin woman with a brown, hard face, on which the skin had dried in innumerable small, hair like wrinkles. She was probably not more than forty-two, but life treats some women hard in the agricultural districts of Sussex, and Mrs. Adis life had been harder than most.

‘What do you want me to do for you Peter Crouch?’ she said a little sourly.

‘Let me stay here a bit. Is there nowhere you can put me till they’ve gone?’

‘Who’s they?’

‘The keepers.’

‘Oh you’ve had a quarrel with the keepers, have you?’

‘Yes. I was down by Cinder Wood seeing if l could pick up anything, and the keepers found me. There were four to one, so I used my gun.’

‘‘Then I ran for it. They’re after me; they can’t be far off now.’’

 Mrs Adis did not speak for a moment. Crouch looked at her beseechingly.

‘You might do it for Tom's sake,’ he said.

‘You haven't been an over-good friend to Tom’, snapped Mrs. Adis.

‘But Tom’s been a very good friend to me; he would want you to stand by me tonight.’

‘Well, I won’t say he wouldn’t, for Tom always thought better of you than you deserved. Maybe you can stay till he comes home to-night, then we can hear what he says about it.’

‘He’ll be up at work for an hour yet, and the coast will be clear by then - l can get away out of the country.’

‘Where’ll you go?’

‘I don’t know. There is time to think of that.’

‘Well! You can think of it in here, she said dryly, opening a door which led from the kitchen into the small shed at the back of the cottage. They’ll never guess you’re there, specially if I tell them I haven’t seen you tonight.’

‘You’re a good woman, Mrs. Adis. I know I’m not worth your standing by me, but may be l’d have been different if I’d a mother like Tom’s.’ 

She did not speak, but shut the door, and he was in darkness save for a small ray of light that came through one of the cracks. By this light he could see her moving to and fro, preparing Tom’s supper. In another hour Tom would be home from lronlatch Farm, where he worked every day. Peter Crouch trusted Tom to help him, for they had been friends when they went together to the National School at Lamberhurst, and since then the friendship had not been broken by their very different characters and careers. 

A1. Write down the words that describe Mrs. Adis:

1.................................

2.................................

3.................................

4................................

A2. Find out

Find the reasons that forced Peter to shoot down a person.

................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

A3. Conclusion:

Mrs. Adis asks Peter Crouch whether he has  had quarrel with the keepers. This shows that:.....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

A4. Personal Response

What will you do if your friend has done something wrong and wants you to help him/her.

................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

A5.Language Study

1. You haven't been an over-good friend to Tom.

(Identify the  tense)

2. There were four to one, so I used my gun.

(Use 'because' and rewrite the sentence) 

A6. Vocabulary

Give antonyms of-

1. hard

2. small

3. good

4. far

                                             **************************

COMPILED BY-DR. SALUNKHE T. B.

APPEAL-WRITING SKILL

 What is an appeal?

Appeal-Handout/pamphlet/brochure:

                  The ‘Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary’ defines the word ‘Appeal’ as ‘an urgent and deeply felt request for money, help and information especially made by a charity or by the police’. An appeal is made either in the leaflet or handout or pamphlet or brochure. These are distributed among the public mostly by small business organizations, institutions, societies, communities, political parties and tourism industry. The basic purpose of this distribution is to spread their terms and conditions and qualitative features. Sometimes, they are drafted and distributed for fair and reasonable cause. Mostly and basically, the aim is to persuade and attract maximum people or customers. Therefore an appeal needs to be made in a particular language and style. It has to follow certain stylistic and linguistic features to catch an attention of public. 

 Language and other features:

 1. A catchy or attractive but block and bold headline.

    e. g.  GRAND (BRF) BLIND RELIEF FUND RALLY

2. An equally effective concluding line.

        e. g. Make this rally a grand success for the blind and be a light to those in the dark.

3.  The points or details in the handout should be included in proper sequence. Some of the points should be highlighted.

4. Effective words and phrases should be employed for persuasion.

              e. g. grand success, noble cause etc.

5. Appropriate proverbs, saying and quotations should be used in accordance with the subject at a time.

          e.g. Earth has for everybody’s need but not for anybody’s need.

6. Slogans are used to suggest an idea or a purpose quickly.   

          e. g.  An eye for an eye, come one and come all etc

7. Sometimes an abrupt conclusion can be used to lead to curiosity.

More guidelines to prepare a draft of an appeal to make people aware of something.....

For example-1

1. Prepare an appeal for making the people aware about 'Tree-Plantation' with the help of following points-

a. Attractive slogan

b. Persuasive appeal

c. Information about the programme to be undertaken

d. Ask for contribution

e. Use pictures/decorative frame

Ans-

TREES ARE OUR BEST FRIENDS Trees are the roots of our existence     They give us......      Food and fruits      Rubber and gum      Medicines      Oxygen      Help rainfall      Prevent soil erosion      Prevent floods PLANT TREES AND LIVE LONGER Tree Plantation Drive On Sunday 30th  April, 2022 Shri Shivaji Vidya Mandir & Jr. College, Aundh Plant and grow more trees        SAVE TREES SAVE EARTH

 For example-2

2. Prepare an appeal making the public aware of the need of ‘Eye Donation’.

Make use of the following points:

a.       Prepare an attractive slogan.

b.      Make persuasive appeal.

c.       Tell about the need for eye donation.

d.      Add your own ideas.

Ans-

OFFER SIGHT TO THE BLIND     Just shut your eyes and imagine the world, nothing but                                   Darkness! Darkness! Darkness! EYE DONATION  · Let a blind person experience the joy of light. · Let his world be clearly seen by him. · Your Eye Donation can make a blind man see the world and enjoy Life. · He can get greatest happiness because of your kindness.         Won’t you offer him a chance to see? Donate Eyes! Donate sight, to the blind!!               Come forward –Be generous

 

For example-3

3. Prepare a handout appealing to the public to be aware of ‘Saving Our Environment.’   

Make use of the following points:

  i.Use an attractive slogan

  ii.Make persuasive appeal

 iii. Inform about different programme 

  iv. Ask for contribution

 v. Tell about importance to save environment

   Ans-

Save Our Environment     Earth has for everybody’s need but not for anybody’s greed                               If you kill Environment, she shall kill you!  Experts warn that by 2025 every 6 out of 10 persons        will suffer from some kind of chest diseases.               The killer of course will be pollution!        WHOM TO BLAME? YOU AND I!    Can pollution be avoided?    Yes, if you wish!     Stop deforestation.     Plant more trees.     Stop city-growth.     Use auto- vehicles only            when most necessary.     Make villages clean and          pleasant. Keep the Environment clean: 1. Plant trees. 2. Save trees. 3. Avoid pollution in your area surroundings.   VANDEVI FOUNDATION has undertaken to help you to do the above.    Contribute liberally. Even small amount is welcome.                                 Send Cheque /DD/M.O.                                       To                    VANDEVI FOUNDATION               Post Box – 21, Shivaji Nagar, Pune. AWAKE, ARISE, ACT, OR FOREVER BE POLLUTED!

COMPILED BY-DR. SALUNKHE T. B.

     

LEAFLET-WRITING SKILL-COMPILED BY-DR.SALUNKHE T. B.

 

Writing Skill-Leaflet

Collins English Dictionary defines leaflet as a piece of paper containing information about a particular subject. 

Vocabulary.com defines leaflet as a paper advertisement or a folded brochure which is used to attract an audience or customers or consumers. 

Guidelines to prepare excellent leaflet:

1. Always write essential words and phrases in the box drawn with pencil.

2. Use catchy and block headline.

3. Use effective concluding line.

4. Arrange all points serially. 

5. Use words and phrases effectively.

6. Proverbs, saying and quotations can be used if needed.

7. Slogans are also considerably used depending on the topic.

8. Mention the title of the institution in block letter.

9. Also use qualifying sub-title.

10. Write down short sentences describing the glory of the institution or class.

11. Mention the fees and time of the particular course available in the institution or class.

12. Also write down the time of the batch in the class.

13. Use appropriate logos, pictures related to the topic. 

14. Mention contact and location.

15. Use persuasive language.

For example-1

Prepare a leaflet on the computer class considering the following points:

-Make persuasive appeal

-Decorate with pictures

-Give information about offered courses

-Give details about duration, fees structure, concession, time etc.

Ans-

For example-2

Prepare a leaflet on the Yoga class considering the following points:

-Make persuasive appeal

-Importance of Yoga

-Timing

-Fees

COMPILED BY-DR. SALUNKHE T. B.

NOTE-MAKING-WRITING SKILL-COMPILED BY-DR. SALUNKHE T.B.

 NOTE-MAKING

What is note making?

The concept of ‘Note-making’ is an important activity in language. It shares some similarities as well as dissimilarities with another concept like 'Mind-Mapping', ‘Summarizing’. Note-making is an activity in which main points and sub-points are jotted down to keep ideas in our mind.

Purpose of note-making: 

In fact the process of note-making serves various purposes in our study. Some of them are as follows:

1. To classify main points and subsidiary points.

2. To keep main ideas in our mind.

3. To revise or remind main points quickly.

4. It is a short cut to remember any long passage.

5. To strengthen or master key ideas.

How to make a note:

1. The given passage should be scanned or read once or twice and underline main points and subsidiary points.

2. The note should be made only with the help of nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs. Generally, grammatical words such as articles, prepositions, pronouns, conjunctions are avoided.

3. All the main points should be placed in a logical manner.

4. Important examples and points should be highlighted with underline.

5. Remember the note is never made with the help of complete sentences.

6. One must follow accuracy, neatness, clarity, etc. in note-making.

Types of note- making:

There are three types of note-making. They are as follows:

1. Tree diagram

2. Tabular diagram

3. Jotting or noting down main points and sub points   

Note: 1.

Remember incomplete sentences are used in ‘Note-making’ and complete sentences are used in ‘Summarizing’.

Note: 2.

In the third type of note-making, Arabic numerals like 1, 2, 3… Roman numerals like I, II, III ….or i, ii, iii… Capital alphabets of English like A, B, C… Or small alphabets like a, b, c… symbols like *,—,ì,.. are used to denote main and sub points. But once you select Arabic numeral 1 to denote the first main point, all the remaining main points should be denoted by next Arabic numerals i. e. 2, 3, 4… Similarly it also applies to sub points.  

For example-1

 1. Read the following passage and complete the corresponding tree diagram.

Soil is an important part of our biosphere. It is the uppermost layer of the earth. Indeed soil, like water and air, supports life on the earth. The worth of soil was unknown to man. Man realized the real virtue of soil when he learnt the art of cultivating different types of

crops from the soil. Man wanted more food. So he cultivated more lands destroying jungles. This led to soil erosion.

We cannot blame man alone for soil erosion. Different natural factors also are responsible. Heavy winds, rains and forest fires also lead to soil erosion. Soil erosion has many bad effects. It has resulted in the conversion of many hectares of fertile land into barren waste lands. Heavy floods occur due to soil erosion. It is high time that man should prevent soil erosion. Man has started contour farming as preventive method. Dams and walls are made to prevent soil from being washed away.

Ans-

For example-1

2. Read the following passage and make a note of it in a tabular form with the help of clues provided:

In India a variety of food crops are grown in various states of the country. The food crops production depends upon the variations in climatic conditions, geographical locations and availability of water supply and cultivation practices. Major food crops grown in India are-rice, wheat, millets, maize, pulses, etc.

Rice is the staple food crop. Our country is the second largest producer of rice in the world. It is kharip crop and requires high temperature, [above 20 degree] and annual rainfall above 100 cm. It is grown in the plains of north and north eastern India, coastal areas. Rice is produced in Punjab, Haryana, Maharashtra, Karnataka, and  Western Uttar Pradesh and Rajasthan.

Wheat is the second most important food crop. It requires 50 to 75 cm of annual rainfall. Requires a cool growing season and a bright sunshine at the time of ripening. The major wheat-producing states are Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Rajasthan and parts of Madhya Pradesh.

Millets-Jowar, Bajra and ragi are the important Millets grown in India. It is a rain fed crop mostly grown in the moist areas, millets producing states are Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand.

Maize is Kharip crop it requires temperature between 21 degrees to 27 degrees. Maize producing states are Karnataka, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and Andhra Pradesh. It is rainfed. Kharip as well as Rabi-crop. All these crops are very important in India.

Ans-

For example-3

3. Read the following extract and make a note of main and sub points.

Science is systematized body of knowledge which collects facts analyses them and establishes a causal relationship of particular phenomenon. Sciences can be divided into natural and social sciences. Natural science is mainly connected with the physical world. It includes both physical and biological sciences. Physical sciences consist of physics, chemistry, geography, etc., and deal with inanimate or non-living things. Biological Science includes biology, zoology, physiology etc.  and deals with the living beings or organisms. In natural sciences experiments can be conducted under controlled conditions to find out the causal relationship between different factor or elements to establish a principle or law. Under social sciences we study subjects like economics, sociology, history philosophy, and etc Social sciences study interaction of person with society. It deals with questions concerning social life. A person’s behaviour in society that is his social life can not be experimented under controlled conditions. Therefore, there can not be exact, precise laws of principles in social sciences.

Ans-

 The Classification of Sciences

 1. Natural Science

 ìConnected with physical world

 I. Physical science

 a. Physics

 b. Chemistry

 c. Geography

 d. Zoology

 e. Physiology

 II. Biological science

 a. Biology

 2. Social Science

 a. Economics

 b. Sociology

 c. History

 d. Philosophy

  ìInteractions of persons with society

  ìSocial life

  ìPerson’s behaviour

                                                                   ******************

COMPILED BY-DR. SALUNKHE T. B.