4.3 (A) A Midsummer-Night's Dream

4.3 (A) A Midsummer-Night's Dream

                           William Shakespeare

The famous playwright William Shakespeare has skillfully presented that how human nature is the fusion of various qualities and how different characters reflect or exhibit variety of emotions like jealousy, hatred, sympathy, love, in the world of humans as well as faeries in this play 'A Midsummer-Night's Dream'.

Theme of the play:

The dominant theme of 'A Midsummer-Night's Dream' is love. In this play, Shakespeare shows how personality is more important than appearance. Generally people fall in love with those who appear beautiful to them. But real love is much more than mere physical attraction.

Summary of the play:

The love story described in 'A Midsummer-Night's Dream' is about two couples Demetrius and Helena, Lysander and Hermia.

Egeus, the father of Hermia, comes to Duke of Athens, Theseus with Hermia, Lysander and Demetrius to complain that his daughter Hermia disobeys him as she refuses to marry Demetrius because she loves Lysander. The Duke Theseus tells Hermia to obey her father otherwise she will have to choose one of the three alternatives to marry Demetrius or become a nun or to suffer a death sentence. The Duke Theseus gives Hermia time to think. 

Meanwhile Lysander and Hermia decide to run away to the house of Lysander's aunt in the wood and get married. 

Demetrius who was in love of Helena, has rejected Helena's love, and now interested in Hermia. Helena and Hermia are childhood friends.

Hermia, to comfort her friend Helena tells Helena her secret plan of elopement with Lysander. Helena reveals this secret plan of elopement between Lysander and Hermia to Demetrius, her lover. Consequently, Demetrius decides to follow Hermia and Helena decides to follow Demetrius.  

Helena following Demetrius in the wood to express her love for him. After seeing cold behavior of Demetrius towards Helena, Oberon, the king of fairies wants to develop the feelings of love in the heart of Demetrius for Helena. Oberon makes a plan with Puck and orders him to bring love potion to apply on the eyelids of Demetrius so that he will fall in love with Helena as soon as he sees her when he wakes up.

At the same time the eloping couple of Lysander and Hermia arrives there in the wood. Being tired, Lysander and Hermia decide to rest and fall asleep in the same wood. Puck, mistakenly, applies the love potion on the eyelids of Lysander in the wood. As soon as Lysander opens his eyes and sees Helena, who has come there following Demetrius in the wood, Lysander falls in love with Helena. Helena is confused by Lysander's loving words since she knows Lysander wants to marry Hermia. Helena thinks he is making fun of her. So she avoids his false expressions of love for her. Helena runs away from him but Lysander tries to follow her leaving his beloved Hermia sleeping on the ground in the wood. When Hermia wakes up and wonders Lysander is not there. Hermia goes out in search of her love. 

When Oberon and Puck talk with each other, just then Hermia and Demetrius come by, and Oberon tells Puck that this is the man he meant. Puck agrees it is the woman he previously saw, but that is not the man that he put the potion on to. Hermia excuses Demetrius of killing her love, Lysander. Demetrius tells her that he has no idea where Lysander is nor does he care, so Hermia leaves. Demetrius decides he has grown tired, so he goes to sleep. Oberon then scolds Puck for putting the potion on the eyes of the wrong man. Oberon wants to fix the situation, so asks Puck to go find the woman, Helena, whom this man is supposed to love. Oberon then puts the potion on Demetrius eyes and Puck bring Helena to him. Lysander follows to soon after trying to pursue Helena. Demetrius then wakes up and falls in love with Helena, so that both men are telling her how much they love her. After having no one love her earlier in the play, Helena is outraged by his unexplainable change in their feelings. Then the men try yo convince each other to go back to Hermia, whom they both wanted to marry in act 1. Hermia comes to find Lysander saying that he wants nothing to do with her because he loves Helena. Incredibly hurt, Hermia does not understand why her love no longer wants to marry her even more confused by his insults as to small stature. The men decide they should fight to see who deserves Helena and they leave. When Hermia is along with Helena, she tries to seek answers from her friend, but Helena trusts no one any longer and leaves her.

Oberon and puck witness this debacle, and Oberon knows they need to set things right. He decides to cause a fog to come so that the four Athenians will lose track of each other. Then he will, once again, make them fall asleep and put the potion on Lysander's eyes, so that he falls back in love with Hermia. When they wake up, it will all seem like a crazy dream. In the meantime, he will steal the young boy away from Titania and then remove the charm from her eyes so that she no longer loves Bottom with the donkey head. Puck imitates the Athenians voices to lead them in various directions then has them all fall asleep closed by one another. Finally, he puts the potion on Lysander's eyes and leaves.

This act takes in the palace of Theseus. The three couples are married and are celebrating by feasting and being entertained. Philostrate brings in a piece of paper with a list of possible performances that they could watch. Theseus reads the list to the couples to choose which one sounds the most interesting. action.  

Theseus

The  Duke of Athens, engaged to Hippolyta. Theseus symbolizes power and order throughout the play. He appears only at the beginning and end of the story, 

Hippolyta

The legendary queen of the Amazons, engaged to Theseus. Like Theseus, she symbolizes order.

Oberon

The king of the fairies, having conflict with his wife, Titania, because she is not ready to give up the control of a young Indian prince whom he wants for a knight. Oberon’s wants to take revenge on Titania leads him to send Puck to obtain the love-potion flower that creates so much of the play’s confusion and comp

Titania

The beautiful queen of the fairies, Titania opposes the attempts of her husband, Oberon, to make a knight of the young Indian prince that she has been given. Titania’s brief, potion-induced love for Nick Bottom, whose head Puck has transformed into that of an ass, yields the play’s foremost example of the contrast motif.

Puck

Also known as Robin Goodfellow, Puck is Oberon’s jester, a mischievous fairy who delights in playing pranks on mortals. His enchanting, mischievous spirit pervades the atmosphere, and his antics are responsible for many of the complications that propel the other main plots: he mistakes the young Athenians, applying the love potion to Lysander instead of Demetrius, thereby causing chaos within the group of young lovers; he also transforms Bottom’s head into that of an ass.

Lysander

A young man of Athens, in love with Hermia. Lysander’s relationship with Hermia invokes the theme of love’s difficulty: he cannot marry her openly because Egeus, her father, wishes her to wed Demetrius; when Lysander and Hermia run away into the forest, Lysander becomes the victim of misapplied magic and wakes up in love with Helena.

Demetrius

A young man of Athens, initially in love with Hermia and ultimately in love with Helena. Demetrius’s obstinate pursuit of Hermia throws love out of balance among four Athenian youths.

Egeus

Hermia’s father, who complains against his daughter to Theseus: Egeus has given Demetrius permission to marry Hermia, but Hermia, in love with Lysander, refuses to marry Demetrius. Egeus’s severe insistence that Hermia either respect his wishes or be held accountable to Athenian law.

Hermia

Egeus’s daughter, a young woman of Athens. Hermia is in love with Lysander and is a childhood friend of Helena. As a result of the fairies’ mischief with Oberon’s love potion, both Lysander and Demetrius suddenly fall in love with Helena. Self-conscious about her short stature, Hermia suspects that Helena has wooed the men with her height. By morning, however, Puck has sorted matters out with the love potion, and Lysander’s love for Hermia is restored.

Helena

A young woman of Athens, in love with Demetrius. Demetrius and Helena were once betrothed, but when Demetrius met Helena’s friend Hermia, he fell in love with her and abandoned Helena. Lacking confidence in her looks, Helena thinks that Demetrius and Lysander are mocking her when the fairies’ mischief causes them to fall in love with her.

Nick Bottom

The overconfident weaver chosen to play Pyramus in the craftsmen’s play for Theseus’s marriage celebration. Bottom is full of advice and self-confidence but frequently makes silly mistakes and misuses language. His simultaneous nonchalance about the beautiful Titania’s sudden love for him and unawareness of the fact that Puck has transformed his head into that of an ass mark the pinnacle of his foolish arrogance.

Activites:

1. State whether the following statements are true or false.

1. Lysander and Demetrius fall in love with Helena as a result of the love potion.

Ans-True

2. Oberon transforms Bottom's head into that of an ass.

Ans-False

3. Titania falls in love with an ass.

Ans-False

4. Both Demetrius and Lysander fight for Hermia.

Ans-False

Characters-

1. Choose the odd none out:

Bottom, Moth, Mustardseed, Cobweb

Ans-Bottom is a weaver, remaining are fairies.

Flute, Snug, Quince, Cobweb

Ans-Cobweb is a fairy, others are workers.

2. Match the columns:

   A                                         B

1. Theseus                  1. Robin Good fellow

2. Titania                   2. Queen of the Amazons

3. Puck                      3. Duke of Athens

4. Hippolyta             4. Faeries

5. Cobweb, Moth    5. Queen of the Faeries

Ans-   

  A                                         B

1. Theseus               3. Duke of Athens

2. Titania                5. Queen of the Faeries

3. Puck                    1. Robin Goodfellow

4. Hippolyta           2. Queen of Amazon 

5. Cobweb, Moth  4. Faeries

3. Draw a character sketch of Oberon as an enemy of his wife but a friend of the lovers.

Ans-In the beginning, Oberon is angry with his wife Titania because he wants a young Indian boy a part of his court. But Titania is not ready to accept Oberon's proposal. Therefore Oberon makes a plan and sends Puck to bring love-potion so that she will fall in love with a person and will give up her ownership of the Indian boy.

On the contrary, he observes Demetrius is not ready to accept the love of Helena, he sends Puck to help them. Though Puck makes mistake, Oberon realizes and sends Puck to rectify matters. 

                                                                Compiled By-

                                                                       Dr. Salunkhe T. B.

  

Spot the error-Part II

B2.-Spot the error and correct the sentence.

1. These two boys help one another.

Ans-These two boys help each other.

Each other for two persons and one another for three or more persons.

2. These three boys help each other.

Ans-These three boys help one another.

Each other for two persons and one another for three or more persons.

3. I and he liked it.

Ans-He and I liked it.

The personal pronouns should be arranged as second, third and first person in the sentence.

4. This is more safer place.

Ans-This is a safer place.

Double superlative or double comparative should not be used.

 5. This pair of shoes are mine.

Ans-This pair of shoes is mine.

'A pair of' is considered as singurlar and it takes singular verb.

6. My brother has not much book.

Ans- My brother has not many books.

'Much' denotes quantity; 'Many' denotes number.

7. The man gave a speech.

Ans-The man made a speech.

For a lecture, use deliver/give, but for speech, use make.

8. I play piano. 

Ans-I play the piano.

Definite article 'the' is always used before any musical instrument.

9. This is  a smallest TV set.

Ans- This is the smallest TV set.

Definite article 'the' is used before the superlative form of an adjective.

10. The children in the class was reading a book.

Ans-The children in the class were reading a book.

The subject 'children' is in plural form.

11. Himalayas are the highest mountains.

Ans-The Himalayas are the highest mountains.

Definite article 'the' is used before the names of rivers/mountains/books.

12. He has married with Rekha.

Ans-He has married Rekha.

When used as transitive verb, no proposition is used.

13. I am senior than you.

Ans-I am senior to you.

Use 'to' in place of 'than' before the words 'inferior', 'superior', 'senior', 'junior' etc.

14. The boy entered into the class.

Ans-The boy entered the class.

Verb 'enter' is not followed by the proposition 'into'.

15. You must be knowing Mr. Sen.

Ans-You must know Mr. Sen.

The verb 'know' does not take 'ing' form.

16. He plays good.

Ans-He plays well.

Because 'good' is adjective whereas 'well' is adverb. 'Well' qualifies the verb 'play'.

17. The roads of the town are narrow.

Ans-The streets of the town are narrow.

'A street is a way in a town or village with buildings on the sides. A road generally denotes a way leading from one town or village to another.

18. He is my cousin brother.

Ans-He is my cousin.

No need to use 'brother' or 'sister', once you use 'cousin' because it includes both.

19. Vijay lived in hotel last night.

Ans-Vijay stayed in hotel last night.

For temporary halt, use 'stay' not 'live'.

20. According to my opinion, it is wrong.

Ans-In my opinion, it is wrong.

When we express our own views, we should use a phrase 'In my opinion' instead 'According to my opinion'.

COMPILED BY-DR. SALUNKHE T. B.

4.3 (B) AN ENEMY OF THE PEOPLE

 

4.3 (B) An Enemy of the People-

             Henrik Johan Ibsen

Characters in the drama:

Summary of the drama:

'An Enemy of the People' is a realistic play by Ibsen that describes and exposes the hypocrisy and cowardice of the Progressives and Democrats. Moral conflict is the significant element of this play. This play throws light on the ways in which an individual can be ostracized by the society he is trying to help. Dr. Stockmann is the protagonist of the play whereas his elder brother Peter Stockmann is the antagonist of the play. 

The central character Dr. Stockmann , a medical officer finds that the bath water is contaminated after a clinical tests. Therefore he wants to publish an article and expose the corruption. But Peter Stockmann, elder brother and mayor of the town and chairman of bath committee warns Dr. Stockmann not to publish an article, otherwise he will have to face terrible consequences for him and his family. Hovstad, editor of People's Messanger' and Aslaksen, a printer were initially with Dr. Stockmann but after the manipulation of Peter, they decide not to print this article. So Dr. Stockmann decides to hold town meeting which turns disastrous, in which town people shout, 'He is an enemy of the people'. His home is pelted with stones, windows are smashed, his daughter Petra is removed from her job as a teacher, his landlords wants to evict him. But he stands firm in the face of difficulties and ignores Peter's advice to leave the town for a few months. He ends by proclaiming 'The strongest man in the world is he who stands alone'. 

Setting of the play:

It's evening time. The play opens in the office of the liberal newspaper 'People's Messanger'. Dr. Stockmann along with his wife Katherine Stockmann discusses an issue of article Dr. Stockmann wants Hovstad and Billing to print about the bacteria in the water of baths. 

1. Dr. Thomsan Stockman

Dr. Stockmann is an affectionate husband to Katherine and a father to Petra, Morten and Ejlif. He is the protagonist and expoeses dangerous water contamination of baths in the town. Dr. Stockmann is an honest man in the life of the town who discovers the healing water is polluted causing illness to the users. 

2. Katherine Stockmann

Mrs Stockmann is Dr. Stockmann's wife and his loyal supporter. She is also a caring mother. In the beginning, she doesn't want her husband to go against the wishes of his brother, Peter Stockmann. But in the course of time, she givens her full support and approval to her husband, Dr. Stockmann.

3. Petra Stockmann

Petra is Dr. Stockmann's adult daughter, a school teacher who is fired for supporting her father Dr. Stockmann. She is freethinker and advocates the notion of the truth. Petra demonstrates high level of independence. At the end Petra assures her father to help her father in the new school he plans to open.

4. Peter Stockmann

Peter Stockmann is a mayor of the town and an elder brother of Dr. Stockmann. He is highly practical man and does not want of uncover the reality and truth to public because of money. Dr. Stockmann and Peter do not have good relationship. The mayor acts in his own self-interest all the times and couldn't understand his brother Dr. Stockmann.

5. Hovstad

Hovstad is the professional editor who doesn't want to be personally affected. His main concern is to increase the popularity and circulation of this newspaper and for this purpose he is ready to ignore the principle. Initially, he seems to be supportive to Dr. Stockmann but when it is known that public will not support any idea, he turns against Dr. Stockmann.

6. Aslaksen

Aslaksen is a printer and a man known for his moderation. He appreciates Dr. Stockmann's research at first but then quickly sides with the mayor. As a leader of two organization, Aslaksen considers himself as voice of common man.

7. Billing

Billig works for Hovstad and is a news reporter. He thinks himself to be radical but likes to improve his own situation. He wishes to take a political post to earn more money. 

8. Morten Kill

Mrs. Stockmann's father, Morten Kiil is a poorly educated and crude man who made a lot of money running a tannery. He doesn't understand Dr. Stockmann, but he enjoys seeing the town in an uproar.

Activities based on the play:

1. Mayor Peter Stockmann is a contrast to Dr. Thomas Stockmann. Justify. 

Ans-Two major characters in this drama are Peter Stockmann and Dr. Stockmann . Dr. Thomas Stockmann is the protagonist of the drama. He is a medical officer of the town Baths. He is an honest, idealistic and supporter of the truth. He discovers that the  baths in the town are contaminated and expects to repair or close it. He wants to publish an article on it to aware the people.

Mayor Peter Stockmann is the elder brother of Dr. Stockmann. He is also the chairman of the Bath Committee. He is an antagonist. He is motivated by money and power. He is not interested in truth. He is ruthless and not interested in the health of public. 

2. Write the character sketch of Dr. Stockmann.

Ans-Dr. Thomas Stockmann is the main character and the protagonist of the drama. He is caring father, husband, family man and a medical officer. He is known as a friend of the people. As a medical officer, he discovers that the Baths in the town are contaminated and wants to instruct the town to repair or close them. He is a brave person. His views and beliefs remain unchanged. He wants his article to be published in the newspaper so that the people should know the real picture of the baths. 

3. Read the given extract (Act III)

Complete the following table:

  

Ans. 

4. Match the Column A and Column B

  Ans.

5. Describe the climax scene in your own words. Write your comments on it. 

Ans-

This extract of play shows that an honest man is always ready to fight for the truth. When Dr. Stockmann ensures that Hovstad is not interested in an article and does not want to print his manuscript, he declares that he will hire drum and parade the town with it and read his manuscript at every corner. He announces that his report will be made public in spite of all threats. Even his wife, Mrs Stockmann, who was initially against Dr. Stockmann, takes his side and assures him that their children will do the same. So it proves that there is such thing as 'family loyaty'. It also shows that the strongest man in the world is he who stands alone'.

6. Write down the consequences of the following occurrences with the help of the extract.

1. Dr. Thomas Stockmann wants an article exposing social evils to be printed in the newspaper.

Ans-This enrages Peter Stockmann, the brother of Dr. Stockmann, chairman of Baths Committee and sees this an attack on his authority and reputation as the Mayor of the town. As a result he decides to provoke the public against Dr. Stockmann.

2. Mayor Peter Stockmann persuades Mr. Hovstad and Mr. Billing from printing the article.

Both Hovstad and Billling believe Mayor's words that Dr. Stockmann's report is none but the result of his imagination and there is no truth in this report at all. This makes them to turn against Dr. Stockmann and decide to print the statement given by Peter Stockmann.

3. Alaksen declares that he would not print Dr. Stockmann's article.

Ans-Alaksen's denial to print Dr. Stockmann's article is the result of Peter Stockmann's manipulation. So Dr. Stockmann wishes to hold public meeting to declare this truth. He declares that he will hire drum and parade the town with it and read his manuscript at every corner. He announces that his report will be made public in spite of all threats. Even his wife, Mrs Stockmann, who was initially against Dr. Stockmann, takes his side and assures him that their children will do the same. 

4. Katherine encourages  Dr. Stockmann to proceed in his attempts in the cause of public attempts.

Ans-This increases Dr. Stockmann's confidence who so far has been betrayed by everyone. With the assurance and support of his wife, Dr. Stockmann is ready to challenge the men to stop him from being patriot and doing the right thing. 

 COMPILED BY-DR. SALUNKHE T.B.

Mrs. Adis-Sheila Kaye Smith

1.Read the following extract and complete the activities given below it.

        ln north-east Sussex a great tongue of land runs into Kent. It is a land of woods - the old hammer-woods of the Sussex iron industry and among the woods gleam the hammerponds. Owing to the thickness of the woods, the road that passes Mrs. Adis's cottage is dark long before the fields beyond. That night there was no twilight and no moon, only a few pricks of fire in the black sky above the trees. But what the darkness hid the silence revealed. In the absolute stillness of the night, windless and clear, every sound was distinct, intensified. The distant bark of a dog at Delmonden sounded close at hand, and the man who walked on the road could hear the echo of his own footsteps following him like a knell. 

          Every now and then he made an effort to go more quietly, but the roadside was a mass of thorns, and their crackling and rustling were nearly as loud as the thud of his feet on the road. Besides, they made him go slowly, and he had no time for that. When he came to Mrs. Adis’s cottage he paused a moment. Only a small patch of grass lay between it and the road, and he looked in at the lighted, uncurtained window. He could see Mrs. Adis stooping over the fire, taking some pot or kettle off it. He hesitated and seemed to wonder. He was a big, heavy, working man, not successful, judging by the poverty of his appearance. For a moment he made as if he would open the window, then he changed his mind and went to the door instead. 

He did not knock, but walked straight in. 

The woman at the fire turned quickly round. 

‘What, you, Peter Crouch !’ she said.

‘I didn't hear you knock.’ ‘I didn’t knock ma’am. I didn’t want anybody to hear.’

‘How’s that?’

‘I’ m in trouble.’ His hands were shaking a little. 'What have you done?’

 I shot a man, Mrs. Adis.

‘You?’

‘Yes - I shot him.

 ‘You killed him?’ ‘I don’t know.’

A1. Global Understanding

State whether the following statements are true or false.

a. Mrs. Adis came to the cottage of Peter Crouch

b. Peter Crouch heard the echo of his own footsteps.

c. Peter Crouch opened the window to enter the cottage. 

d. The atmosphere was dark with silence.

A2.Complex factual

The writer describes Peter Crouch as...........

1...............2...........3............4............

A3. Interpretation-Explain:

Peter Crouch was in trouble.

................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

A4. Personal Response

If you meet any stranger who has villainous look, you feel.........

1............................................................................................

2............................................................................................

3............................................................................................

4............................................................................................

A5. Language Study

1. When he came to Mrs. Adis's cottage, he paused a moment.

(Make compound sentence)

2. He was big, heavy, working man, not successful, judging by the poverty of his appearance.

(Choose and write the adjectives used in this sentences) 

A6. Vocabulary

Match the words given in 'A' with their meanings in 'B'

      'A'                                                      'B'

1. Revealed                                 a. Bend over

2. Pricks of fire                           b. Very near

3. Close at hand                          c. Showed

4. Stooping over                         d. Stars

2.Read the following extract and complete the activities given below it.

For a moment there was silence in the small, stuffy kitchen. Then the kettle boiled over and Mrs Adis mechanically put it at the side of the fire

She was a small, thin woman with a brown, hard face, on which the skin had dried in innumerable small, hair like wrinkles. She was probably not more than forty-two, but life treats some women hard in the agricultural districts of Sussex, and Mrs. Adis life had been harder than most.

‘What do you want me to do for you Peter Crouch?’ she said a little sourly.

‘Let me stay here a bit. Is there nowhere you can put me till they’ve gone?’

‘Who’s they?’

‘The keepers.’

‘Oh you’ve had a quarrel with the keepers, have you?’

‘Yes. I was down by Cinder Wood seeing if l could pick up anything, and the keepers found me. There were four to one, so I used my gun.’

‘‘Then I ran for it. They’re after me; they can’t be far off now.’’

 Mrs Adis did not speak for a moment. Crouch looked at her beseechingly.

‘You might do it for Tom's sake,’ he said.

‘You haven't been an over-good friend to Tom’, snapped Mrs. Adis.

‘But Tom’s been a very good friend to me; he would want you to stand by me tonight.’

‘Well, I won’t say he wouldn’t, for Tom always thought better of you than you deserved. Maybe you can stay till he comes home to-night, then we can hear what he says about it.’

‘He’ll be up at work for an hour yet, and the coast will be clear by then - l can get away out of the country.’

‘Where’ll you go?’

‘I don’t know. There is time to think of that.’

‘Well! You can think of it in here, she said dryly, opening a door which led from the kitchen into the small shed at the back of the cottage. They’ll never guess you’re there, specially if I tell them I haven’t seen you tonight.’

‘You’re a good woman, Mrs. Adis. I know I’m not worth your standing by me, but may be l’d have been different if I’d a mother like Tom’s.’ 

She did not speak, but shut the door, and he was in darkness save for a small ray of light that came through one of the cracks. By this light he could see her moving to and fro, preparing Tom’s supper. In another hour Tom would be home from lronlatch Farm, where he worked every day. Peter Crouch trusted Tom to help him, for they had been friends when they went together to the National School at Lamberhurst, and since then the friendship had not been broken by their very different characters and careers. 

A1. Write down the words that describe Mrs. Adis:

1.................................

2.................................

3.................................

4................................

A2. Find out

Find the reasons that forced Peter to shoot down a person.

................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

A3. Conclusion:

Mrs. Adis asks Peter Crouch whether he has  had quarrel with the keepers. This shows that:.....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

A4. Personal Response

What will you do if your friend has done something wrong and wants you to help him/her.

................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

A5.Language Study

1. You haven't been an over-good friend to Tom.

(Identify the  tense)

2. There were four to one, so I used my gun.

(Use 'because' and rewrite the sentence) 

A6. Vocabulary

Give antonyms of-

1. hard

2. small

3. good

4. far

                                             **************************

COMPILED BY-DR. SALUNKHE T. B.

APPEAL-WRITING SKILL

 What is an appeal?

Appeal-Handout/pamphlet/brochure:

                  The ‘Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary’ defines the word ‘Appeal’ as ‘an urgent and deeply felt request for money, help and information especially made by a charity or by the police’. An appeal is made either in the leaflet or handout or pamphlet or brochure. These are distributed among the public mostly by small business organizations, institutions, societies, communities, political parties and tourism industry. The basic purpose of this distribution is to spread their terms and conditions and qualitative features. Sometimes, they are drafted and distributed for fair and reasonable cause. Mostly and basically, the aim is to persuade and attract maximum people or customers. Therefore an appeal needs to be made in a particular language and style. It has to follow certain stylistic and linguistic features to catch an attention of public. 

 Language and other features:

 1. A catchy or attractive but block and bold headline.

    e. g.  GRAND (BRF) BLIND RELIEF FUND RALLY

2. An equally effective concluding line.

        e. g. Make this rally a grand success for the blind and be a light to those in the dark.

3.  The points or details in the handout should be included in proper sequence. Some of the points should be highlighted.

4. Effective words and phrases should be employed for persuasion.

              e. g. grand success, noble cause etc.

5. Appropriate proverbs, saying and quotations should be used in accordance with the subject at a time.

          e.g. Earth has for everybody’s need but not for anybody’s need.

6. Slogans are used to suggest an idea or a purpose quickly.   

          e. g.  An eye for an eye, come one and come all etc

7. Sometimes an abrupt conclusion can be used to lead to curiosity.

More guidelines to prepare a draft of an appeal to make people aware of something.....

For example-1

1. Prepare an appeal for making the people aware about 'Tree-Plantation' with the help of following points-

a. Attractive slogan

b. Persuasive appeal

c. Information about the programme to be undertaken

d. Ask for contribution

e. Use pictures/decorative frame

Ans-

TREES ARE OUR BEST FRIENDS Trees are the roots of our existence     They give us......      Food and fruits      Rubber and gum      Medicines      Oxygen      Help rainfall      Prevent soil erosion      Prevent floods PLANT TREES AND LIVE LONGER Tree Plantation Drive On Sunday 30th  April, 2022 Shri Shivaji Vidya Mandir & Jr. College, Aundh Plant and grow more trees        SAVE TREES SAVE EARTH

 For example-2

2. Prepare an appeal making the public aware of the need of ‘Eye Donation’.

Make use of the following points:

a.       Prepare an attractive slogan.

b.      Make persuasive appeal.

c.       Tell about the need for eye donation.

d.      Add your own ideas.

Ans-

OFFER SIGHT TO THE BLIND     Just shut your eyes and imagine the world, nothing but                                   Darkness! Darkness! Darkness! EYE DONATION  · Let a blind person experience the joy of light. · Let his world be clearly seen by him. · Your Eye Donation can make a blind man see the world and enjoy Life. · He can get greatest happiness because of your kindness.         Won’t you offer him a chance to see? Donate Eyes! Donate sight, to the blind!!               Come forward –Be generous

 

For example-3

3. Prepare a handout appealing to the public to be aware of ‘Saving Our Environment.’   

Make use of the following points:

  i.Use an attractive slogan

  ii.Make persuasive appeal

 iii. Inform about different programme 

  iv. Ask for contribution

 v. Tell about importance to save environment

   Ans-

Save Our Environment     Earth has for everybody’s need but not for anybody’s greed                               If you kill Environment, she shall kill you!  Experts warn that by 2025 every 6 out of 10 persons        will suffer from some kind of chest diseases.               The killer of course will be pollution!        WHOM TO BLAME? YOU AND I!    Can pollution be avoided?    Yes, if you wish!     Stop deforestation.     Plant more trees.     Stop city-growth.     Use auto- vehicles only            when most necessary.     Make villages clean and          pleasant. Keep the Environment clean: 1. Plant trees. 2. Save trees. 3. Avoid pollution in your area surroundings.   VANDEVI FOUNDATION has undertaken to help you to do the above.    Contribute liberally. Even small amount is welcome.                                 Send Cheque /DD/M.O.                                       To                    VANDEVI FOUNDATION               Post Box – 21, Shivaji Nagar, Pune. AWAKE, ARISE, ACT, OR FOREVER BE POLLUTED!

COMPILED BY-DR. SALUNKHE T. B.